Although this section lists specific methods of treatment for specific diseases, syndromes and patterns, it requires a qualified practitioner to properly administer these treatments. The unique variations of each individual and the incredible complexity of the human body makes natural medicine one of the most difficult human disciplines. Furthermore, no one can guarantee a cure, and listing a treatment that works for some people does not mean it will work for you. To use this information you need to know what you know, know what you don’t know, and, most importantly, know what you don’t know you don’t know. In other words, seek the help of a qualified practitioner.
The adrenal glands, situated over the kidneys, are generally most responsible for the body’s response to stress. Their regulatory function involves the release of a number of important hormones. The inner part of the adrenal gland secretes adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)–hormones that help regulate our “fight or flight” response …
I see a lot of patients at our herbal medicine clinic in Delaware who are very concerned with memory issues as they age. First of all, the basics of keeping yourself healthy – healthy diet, exercise, good relationships, stress control etc — are essentials for good mental function. For example, …
Chronic allergy is a hypersensitivity caused by exposure to an allergen resulting in a marked increase in immune system reactivity upon subsequent exposure. A patient once told me that since she arrived on US soil, it seemed to her everyone in America had chronic allergy problems, while no one did …
Currently, more than 4 million people in the United States suffer from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or other dementias. AD affects 47% of people over the age of 85. In AD, in addition to degenerative changes and atrophy, individual brain cells begin to produce a sticky proteinous substances which swell the …
Note: Anxiety and depression are often severe problems that require a qualified expert, such as a psychiatrist, to treat. Herbal medicines are not and cannot be substitutes for proper medical care. If you are under the care of a mental health professional, always check with them prior to using any …
Asthma is a chronic lung condition characterized by airway obstruction, spasm and hyper-responsiveness in the bronchial tubes, or inflammation and swelling in the lining tissue. It is often an advanced stage of allergies, and currently is increasing in prevalence and severity. This disease can be life threatening, and must be …
Attention deficit disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are clinical names for symptoms typically related to problems with attention. These conditions appear most frequently in school-age children, although they can affect people at any age. People suffering from these disorders seem incapable of coping with school, work, or …
The connective tissues are fabric-like substances that form a matrix that wraps and fills all the spaces in the body, even extending into the innermost parts of cells. All the major bodily systems–the circulatory system, the nervous system, the digestive tract, the musculoskeletal system, and each individual organ–are surrounded and …
The Rasayana Tantra is the Ayurvedic section on rejuvenating medicines. Study in this section focused on two areas–the lives of sages, and the uses and benefits of the rejuvenating or divine plants (Bajracharya 1995) …
Low back pain occurs when the connective tissues and discs go into spasm or become damaged and/or inflamed. A complex muscle called the quadratus lumborum is the one most commonly involved in low back pain. Visualize a web of muscle fibers attached to the bottom of the lower ribs that …
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, also known as benign prostatic hypertrophy) or swelling of the prostate, is characterized by symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction, progressive urinary urgency and frequency, increased nightly urination, and urination with reduced force and caliber of urine. Patients with BPH typically present with an enlarged, inflamed and …
In the same way the blood draws gases from the air, the blood draws its nutrient supply from the Earth. All our important blood nutrients come from the Earth’s bounty, as the food we ingest is processed in the intestinal tract. Nutrients are absorbed from the intestines into the portal …
To heal bruises quickly, use 1-3 grams of tien chi root twice per day. This even helps speed up healing from surgical wounds or traumatic injury. If you tend to bruise easily, increase your intake of fruits rich in bioflavonoids and Vitamin C. With cuts and scrapes, gotu kola tincture …
I have taken the liberty of editing and reprinting the following key paragraphs from my teacher Vaidya Mana’s book in Ayurvedic treatment of cancer.. I believe this is the first clear presentation in English of the history of Ayurvedic cancer therapy. …
Written records of the Chinese experience with cancer treatment date back to the time of the Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (Huang di nei jing), 2nd century BC. This ancient book addresses symptoms similar to those of esophogeal, uterine and bone cancer. 1,800 years ago Dr. Zhang Zhong Jing described treatments …
I first heard about the work of the Dr. Eli Jones while listening to a lecture by David Winston, one of the few living herbalists who is fully trained in the Eclectic medicine traditions. Dr. Jones treated thousands of cancer patients at the end of the last century, and was …
The Western or allopathic treatment of cancer is based upon three major methods, surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, although many new and innovative methods are being developed. Surgical removal of tumors has been recorded since the 7th century BC, and remains very valuable to this day, because it is difficult to …
“The miracle is not to walk on water. The miracle is to walk on the green earth, dwelling deeply in the present moment and feeling truly alive.” – Thich Nhat Hanh – Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a serious widespread problem throughout many parts of the world. In the United States, …
The median nerve passes through the space formed by the arch of the wrist bones and surrounding ligament (the flexor retinaculum), forming the carpal tunnel. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a painful condition caused by compression of the median nerve. Common symptoms include weakness, tingling, and aching pain. The condition occurs …
Note: Treatment of existing cataracts is always or almost always unsuccessful with purely nutritional methods, so our discussion will focus on prevention and slowing of cataract progression only. The crystalline lens of the eye is a specialized epithelial structure developed from the ectoderm embryonic layer, enveloped in a surrounding capsule …
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFIDS) is an immune system dysfunction characterized by severe unrelenting fatigue, low body temperature, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, fibromyalgia and various neurological and mental symptoms. One day while browsing the shelves of the local university library, I was fortunate enough to happen upon perhaps the first book …
Sinusitis is a general term for inflammation of the sinus, commonly caused by bacterial or viral infection or allergy. Other causes include blockage from polyps, enlarged turbinates, scar tissue, dental infections or a deviated septum, all of which require surgical intervention. This condition is often far more complex than it …
Elevated levels of cholesterol and other blood fats in response to inflammation can contribute to heart disease, arterial clogging and cardiovascular diseases. However, as I have mentioned before, this area is riddled with confusion because of less attention to inflammation, and overreliance on chemical blockage of cholesterol formation in the …
The large intestine is wrapped in a layer of fat, which acts like a thermal blanket, helping to create heat, absorb fluids, and solidify the stool for elimination …
Diabetes is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by inadequate production or utilization of insulin, the hormone secreted by beta cells in the pancreas. Type I diabetes (Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or IDDM) is also called juvenile diabetes, as it appears most often in children under the age of 15. It …
Almost half of the estimated 16 million people in the United States who have diabetes will develop some degree of diabetic retinopathy, by far the most common form of diabetic eye disease. The retina weakens and bleeds, endangering vision. Good blood sugar control and blood pressure management, as well as …
Diverticulosis, a condition characterized by sacs or pockets in the colon with no inflammation, is a disease seen most frequently in elderly patients. It affects up to 20% of the population by the age of retirement, and two-thirds by the age of 85. A.R.P. Walker pioneered the research into the …
Many people experience inadequate tear supply or eye discomfort some time in their lives, perhaps on an airplane, in a dry, overheated room or in a dusty workplace. But upwards of 10 million Americans suffer from a significant dry eye condition of consequence. The classic “Sjogren’s-associated” dry eye affects up …
Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for pain and cramping associated with menstruation. The pain and cramping usually appears with the onset of menstruation. Biochemically speaking, excessive production of prostaglandins by the myometrium and endometrium are the cause of uterine contractions, pointing to nutritional problems. Cramping can spread throughout the entire …
Data from worldwide epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence of many allergic conditions have steadily increased every decade since the 1940’s to the 1990’s, especially allergic rhinitis, asthma and eczema (Howarth, 1998). The skin of eczema patients is dry, thickened and itchy. Lesions may occur, sometimes worsened by scratching, …
Endometriosis is a condition that occurs most commonly in women of reproductive age, whereby endometrial tissue appears in abnormal locations. Because this is also a hormone-related condition, the dietary recommendations, hormone-balancing strategies and lifestyle mentioned throughout this website should be combined with the following TCM formula The main goal of …
Conjunctivitis, caused by the common adenovirus, is a common plague of the schoolyard and office also known as pinkeye. Some varieties of this highly contagious virus can be transmitted by infected pools of water, and are usually short-lived (three to four days). However, other strains occur often in wintertime and …
Female infertility can have many causes. In cases with mechanical blockages such as scarring of the fallopian tubes, herbal medicines are not effective. However, they can definitely help if the problems are hormonal, emotional, or nutritional. Common gynecological problems such as fibroid tumors, endometriosis, and chronic vaginal infections–all of which …
The symptoms of fibrocystic breast disease (FBD) are swelling, pain, and tenderness of the breast, and the presence of small or large cysts, abnormal sacs containing gas, blood, fluids or semisolid (mucinous) waste material. The associated pain increases prior to menstruation, due to the rise in estrogen levels. The cystic …
Dr. Jim Duke points out quite correctly that mixtures of antifungal herbs work better than single herbs, and he cites research to back this up in his book, The Green Pharmacy. He states that “After all, essential oils are complex combinations of chemicals that evolved to protect plants against fungi …
Gallstone formation (cholelithiasis) is another disease with a very low incidence in primitive societies, yet in modern society it affects more than 20% of women and 8% of men over the age of 40 (Gracie 1982). Each year hundreds of thousands of gallbladders are surgically removed, at great cost. 75% …
Genital herpes simplex is a virus, spread by direct skin to skin contact. As with most chronic viral diseases, once you are infected you can experience recurring flare-ups. Symptoms include blisters on the genital area and anus, and occasionally the buttocks. After a few days, the blisters break open and …
Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. There are several types of this disease, all of which could cause damage to the optic nerve in the back of the eye. Peripheral vision examinations can detect glaucoma, even in cases where eye pressure is not necessarily elevated. Age …
Gout is a form of arthritis caused by an increase in the production of uric acid and its deposition in the joints, kidneys and other tissues. It is often characterized by acute onset with severe pain. It frequently affects the big toe (up to 90% of all cases), especially in …
Chinese martial artists have known for centuries that herbs can help speed recovery from athletic or traumatic injury. Such herbs were often coveted and sometimes kept secret. Today, most “wounds” I see result from either surgery or motor vehicle accidents. I can’t tell you how many surgical patients have returned …
The term “hepatitis” is actually a catchall for inflammation of the liver. About 90% of patients with serous liver disease develop jaundice and/or acute liver cell injury. The most common causes of liver disease are viral hepatitis and alcohol, chemical or toxin-caused liver disease. (Stobo et al., 1996). Modern medical …
Patricia A. Cassano of Cornell University reported, “The difference in lung function between people who consumed above-average amounts of four major antioxidants and those who consume lower-than average amounts “was approximately equivalent to the difference between nonsmokers and people who have smoked a pack [of cigarettes] a day for 10 …
Herbalists pay a lot of attention to the liver, not just for outright liver diseases, but for general well-being – many disease processes are affected by liver function, and not all of them are obvious. When discussing herbs for the liver, it is important to keep in mind that the …
Hives (Urticaria) are raised red skin wheals caused by allergy (mast cell degranulation. They usually appear suddenly and disappear rapidly, only to return again. If they last for more than five or six weeks, hives are considered to have become chronic. Any number of antigens can cause hives, including antibiotics, …
Hyperthyroidism is the primary manifestation of a group of diseases characterized by an over-active thyroid gland and increased production of thyroid hormone. Major symptoms of hyperthyroidism include : rapid heartbeat resulting in palpitations; heat intolerance or sweating; emotional symptoms including but not limited to irritability, anxiety and insomnia; tremors; exhaustion; softer, …
Poor carbohydrate metabolism or poor glycogen storage in the liver often cause hypoglycemia, because both make it difficult for the body to control blood sugar levels. The diagnostic standard is blood sugar levels below 50 mg/dL, and abnormal response to a sugar challenge given in a test called the …
The thyroid is a two-lobed gland usually situated in the front of the lower neck. It stores and secretes thyroid hormones that play a major role in regulating various metabolic rates throughout the entire body. Any abnormality in thyroid function can affect every cell in the body. Hypothyroidism, or a …
Sometimes just nourishing the blood is not enough. In spite of a good diet and adequate digestion, I often get patients complaining of poor circulation accompanied by symptoms like a weak pulse, cold intolerance, or cold fingers and toes. Again, it is important to first determine underlying medical conditions that …
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn’s disease involves diarrhea, weakness, occasional bleeding, and a diffuse granulomatous inflammation of the entire bowel membrane. In cases of ulcerative colitis the inflammation is limited mostly to the colon. These cases are very difficult to treat with herbs alone. …
The Journal of Otolaryngology reported in 1998 that we spend over three billion dollars per year to treat acute otitis media (AOM) with drugs and surgery (Elden LM, Coyte PC, 1998). Some of the organisms that commonly cause AOM include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Aspergillus species and Moraxella catarrhalis. Problems …
Insomnia is extraordinarily common in Western society, affecting as much as 30% of the population, with 12% having moderate to severe sleep disturbance (Soldatos, 1994). Sleep disturbances are linked with heart disease, and can predict heart events (Schwartz et. al., 1999). Psychological problems account for a large amount of sleep …
Interstitial cystitis is a chronic bladder inflammation characterized by deterioration and tightening of the urinary bladder. The symptoms are painful, frequent and burning urination, blood in the urine, reduced urinary capacity and generalized lower abdominal pain over the bladder area. In gross appearance, there is hyperemia (blood congestion) in the …
Intestinal dysbiosis and SIBO are emerging medical terms for imbalances in the intestinal flora that are the underlying causes of many serious diseases . . Fatigue, gas and bloating and craving carbohydrates are the most identifiable symptoms . . Both the primary and the secondary manifestations of dysbiosis are extremely …
Irritable Bowel Syndrome accounts for up to 50% of all visits to gastrointestinal doctors (Pittler MH et al. 1998). Typical symptoms of IBS include intestinal spasm and pain, abdominal pain relieved by defecation, constipation and/or diarrhea, and abdominal distension and bloating. Common underlying causes include weak digestion, dysbiosis, hidden food …
Ideopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune hemorrhagic disorder characterized by progressive platelet loss and bleeding. It is a systemic illness that produces purple patches caused by small hemorrhages from mucous membranes. Women are affected by this condition three times as often as men are. Platelet counts decline due to …
There are many nutrient and herbal methods for avoiding heart problems, along with the well known benefits of exercise and healthy diet. • The flavonoid nutrients found in many herbs reduce inflammation and help repair the membranes on the inside of the heart and blood vessels. Foods that are high …
Formation of stones in the kidney or the urinary tract is a frequent problem, affecting 5-10% of Americans in their lifetimes (Pak, 1993). They develop when substances like calcium oxalate or phosphate, uric acid, magnesium phosphate etc. are too concentrated in the urine. Eventually they precipitate out, forming crystals that …
Laryngitis is inflammation of the laryngeal mucous membrane and vocal cords, and pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharyngeal mucous membranes. These diseases cause a dry sore throat, hoarseness and loss of voice. These diseases can be very serious and require immediate medical attention if they occur in infants. Before diagnosing …
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in Americans over the age of 65. The disease results from damage to the center part of the light-sensitive retina, the place where light rays come to a focus in the eye. This yellow-colored center is called the macula or …
Male infertility is often associated with a low sperm count or weakened sperm motility. Average normal sperm counts range from 80 million to 100 million sperm per ml. Male infertility is usually quantified at a count of 20 million sperm per ml or less. Male fertility in certain parts of …
In keeping with the traditions of my practice, the first thing I tell patients is that menopause, the cessation of ovulation, is not a disease, and it should be welcomed rather than feared. It is a liberating life transition, a normal slowing of hormone production after passing the childbearing years. …
Menorrhagia is a term for excessive blood loss due to heavy menstrual bleeding or an extended menstrual period. Decline in hormones, especially progesterone, as a woman nears menopause, is the most common cause of menorrhagia. It is important to get a proper diagnosis before attempting to use natural medicine because …
Morning sickness is the characteristic nausea experienced by many pregnant women upon awakening in the morning. Herbs can be very helpful. • For minor cases either ginger root or peppermint leaf, taken in tea form, can offer sufficient relief. • If the problem is more severe, I recommend making ginger …
Digestive weakness is the most common cause of muscle atrophy. Most cases occur in the elderly and in young children, and it can be an especially devastating condition for both patients and family in cases where there is thought to be no known cause. According to TCM, since the blood …
Spasms and cramps affect both the smooth and skeletal muscles. Small vessels that enter the muscles and subdivide into permeating capillaries deliver nutrition to the tissues. Muscle contraction depends upon the conduction of electrical impulses via minerals called electrolytes (potassium, sodium and chloride). Other minerals including calcium also play very …
“Basically, I no longer work for anything but the sensation I have while working.” – sculptor Albert Giacometti – Our kidneys, the pair of organs located in the lumbar (lower back) region, are involved in functions of filtration, regulation and excretion. They share the stage with intestinal and liver filtration …
In TAM and TCM medical theory, the Qi (or Prana) increases when there is mind-body harmony. Conversely, signs of Qi deficiency include muscle weakness, slow pulse, mental confusion, digestive disturbances, immune system weakness and mood disorders. Properly prescribed tonic herbs such as astragalus root, ginseng root, gotu kola, shilajatu, Siberian …
Peripheral nerves can get the same types of problems as other tissues, inflammation, toxicity, swelling, permeability, etc. However, there are some differences, due to their structural uniqueness. They exist as units of motor neurons with long axons that innervate muscle fibers. Individual nerve fibers contain the nerve axon along with …
Nourishing the blood is one of the strategies that I use most often in my clinic. It is an underlying and often missed issue in multiple disease conditions, especially those related to inflammation and circulation. Any body tissue, vessel or organ that is in distress depends upon a healthy supply …
Optic neuritis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the optic nerve. Often a nerve demyelination (destruction of the protective myelin sheath around the nerve fibers) takes place, similar to multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis, diabetes, poor circulation, trauma, chemical poisoning and other less common eye insults can cause it. There …
To increase our understanding of how the nervous system operates, and to give us some additional insights into how to use herbs for mental and nervous system complaints, it is important to explore and incorporate traditional ideas. Both TCM and TAM use similar concepts to emphasize the belief that nervous …
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of the joints associated with aging. The disease mostly affects the spine and large weight-bearing joints, and is often characterized more by degeneration of the articular cartilage than by inflammation. The absolute first thing to do is to make sure the digestive system is working …
Osteoporosis refers to a gradual and generalized loss of numerous components of bone substance that results in decreased bone mass. It is often associated with aging, as more than 50% of Americans show signs of osteoporosis after the age of 50. Bone loss is typically greatest in the spine, hips …
The skin is our largest sense organ. The outer layer, the epidermis, covers our skeleton and protects us against injuries and invasion by pathogens. It also regulates body temperature, aids in elimination of toxins, and prevents dehydration. The corium, or inner layer, is composed of connective tissue and filled with …
Gingivitis describes an inflammatory condition of the gums, wherein the gums become swollen, spongy and have the tendency to bleed. Eventually pockets form in the gums, where bacteria can live in peace and exude acids that eat away at the bone, eventually causing the teeth to loosen. The number one …
Premenstrual syndrome is the constellation of symptoms that appear in the days prior to the onset of a menstrual period. Symptoms include anxiety, irritability, fatigue, depression, headache, breast pain, abdominal bloating, and fluid retention. Numerous hormonal changes have been implicated in PMS. Depending on the predominant symptoms, researchers have subdivided …
Progressive hearing loss leading to deafness is one of the four most prevalent chronic conditions in the elderly. Until the last decade little attention was paid to studying causative factors related to nutrition and blood parameters. Immunological and autoimmune mechanisms are at work in some cases, so good diagnosis is …
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease characterized by dry, scaly and inflamed elevated areas (papules and plaques) of various sizes. It affects up to 2% of all people in the United States. Psoriasis often follows a pattern of relapse and remission. It can vary from a few small patches to …
My clinical experience with patients who are attempting to stop smoking indicated that most are unable to succeed for whatever reasons. My personal feeling is that it simply requires sheer will power for the first month, forcing yourself to not smoke as though your life depended upon it, which it …
Myopia or near-sightedness is defined as seeing better at close ranges than at a distance. This is because the eye is longer than normal, or the cornea is more curved than normal. This causes light coming from distant images to focus in front of the retina instead of on it …
Inflammation is one of the body’s primary mechanisms for removing metabolic byproducts, debris and foreign agents. It enables the body to remove damaged cells, neutralize toxins, and fight bacteria, fungi and viruses. We have already discussed inflammation in the section on the liver, and we will discuss it here from …
Note: This disease is very difficult to treat, and my clinical results have not been satisfactory to me. I am presenting this information in the hopes that it may contribute to the discussion, and I invite anyone who has more information to contact me (click on Clinic tab on left …
The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body, running from the lumbar and sacral plexuses, running from the back all the way down through the buttocks and thigh. Compression or inflammation at the base of the sciatic nerve is typically the primary cause of sciatica. Characteristic symptoms include …
We now know, almost intuitively, that strengthening the immune system benefits general good health and may contribute to longevity. This idea has historical roots in TCM Fu zheng (support the vital force) therapy, as well as Ayurvedic Rasayana therapy (discussed in a separate section). Modern extensions of the ancient ideas …
I remember one particularly instructive case early in my apprenticeship with my wife Nai-shing. We saw a gentleman who had suffered from vertigo for more than a decade and gotten no relief from Western medicine. Nai-shing diagnosed him with the Chinese syndrome called Liver Wind. She explained that longstanding hyperactivity …
You can treat tension headaches with the same herbs and nutrients used for muscle spasms, especially magnesium and kudzu root. However, in many cases this may not be sufficient. The tension is often internal, so successful treatment requires herbs that relax us internally. Use herbs from the nervine group, like …
“People demand freedom of speech to make up for the freedom of thought which they avoid.” – Soren Aabye Kierkegaard – The purpose of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is to digest nutrients from food sources so the body can absorb them to support life. I would estimate that up to …
“If you gaze long into an abyss, the abyss will gaze back into you.” – Friedrich Nietzsche – The close link between the mind and the brain took a long time for us humans to discover. The ancient Chinese believed the heart was the true seat of the mind, while …
Tinnitus is the condition where the patients hears noise such as ringing, buzzing, hissing, whistling or roaring, in the absence of an acoustic stimulus. It is usually associated with a loss of hearing. There is no easy treatment for this condition, because it is a symptom of multiple causes. It …
The urinary tract includes the kidneys, bladder, ureters (the tubes that connect the kidney to the bladder), and urethra (the tube that leads from the bladder to the outside). Urinary tract infections (UTI’s) are caused by bacteria which usually originate in the urethra before moving backward into the bladder where …
The liver is a vascular, secretory and metabolic organ that resides in the upper abdomen. It receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic artery and the portal vein, and is by far our most important metabolic and detoxification organ. The liver metabolizes (burns) all three macronutrients (fats, carbohydrates and …
There are more than 200 different rhinoviruses that cause upper respiratory infections, and many more microorganisms that can infect the lungs. The usual symptoms of such infections are sore itchy throat, watery eyes, fatigue, nasal congestion, mucus and sometimes fever and cough. • At the beginning stages, quick use of …
The uvea or uveal tract is the middle layer of the eye. The mid to back part of the uveal tract, nearer where the optic nerve comes into the eyeball, is the choroid area. At the front the uvea forms into your colored iris, behind which is the ciliary body …
Vaginal yeast infection results from overgrowth of Candida albicans, a type of yeast normally present in small amounts in the digestive tract, vagina and mouth. Over the past twenty years, new, more toxic yeast strains have developed as a result of overuse of antibiotics, so these infections have become very …
Varicose or abnormally dilated tortuous veins are usually found in the legs, resulting from the high venous pressure and relatively poor tissue support for the superficial veins …
The stomach produces about two liters of digestive secretions per day. Insufficient activity of the nerves that control the stomach can cause a reduction in the production of stomach acid and pepsin (protein digesting enzyme), which causes a major slowdown of food digestion. Sometimes even the mechanical churning of the …